Sunday, 3 March 2013

Lords of Disorder: How the Big Banks Are Designed to Prey off Our Economic Misery

Modern injustices are presented with spreadsheets and PowerPoints, rather than with scrolls and trumpets and kingly proclamations.
Photo Credit: Shutterstock
 
The President’s “sequester” offer slashes non-defense spending by $830 billion over the next ten years. That happens to be the precise amount we’re implicitly giving Wall Street’s biggest banks over the same time period.

We’re collecting nothing from the big banks in return for our generosity. Instead we’re demanding sacrifice from the elderly, the disabled, the poor, the young, the middle class – pretty much everybody, in fact, who isn’t “too big to fail.”

That’s injustice on a medieval scale, served up with a medieval caste-privilege flavor. The only difference is that nowadays injustices are presented with spreadsheets and PowerPoints, rather than with scrolls and trumpets and kingly proclamations.
And remember: The White House represents the liberal side of these negotiations.

The Grandees
The $83 billion ‘subsidy’ for America’s ten biggest banks first appeared in an editorial fromBloomberg News – which, as the creation of New York’s billionaire mayor Michael Bloomberg, is hardly a lefty outfit. That editorial drew upon sound economic analyses to estimate the value of the US government’s implicit promise to bail these banks out.
Then it showed that, without that advantage, these banks would not be making a profit at all.
That means that all of those banks’ CEOs, men (they’re all men) who preen and strut before the cameras and lecture Washington on its profligacy, would not only have lost their jobs and fortunes in 2008 because of their incompetence – they would probably lose their jobs again today.
Tell that to Jamie Dimon of JPMorgan Chase, or Lloyd Blankfein of Goldman Sachs, both of whom have told us it’s imperative that we cut social programs for the elderly and disabled to “save our economy.” The elderly and disabled have paid for those programs – just as they paid to rescue Jamie Dimon and Lloyd Blankfein, and just as they implicitly continue to pay for that rescue today.
Dimon, Blankfein and their peers are like the grandees of imperial Spain and Portugal. They’ve been given great wealth and great power over others, not through native ability but by the largesse of the Throne.

Lords of Disorder
Just yesterday, in a rare burst of candor, Dimon said this to investors on a quarterly earnings call: “This bank is anti-fragile, we actually benefit from downturns.”
It’s true, of course. Other corporations – in fact, everybody else – has to survive or fail in real-world conditions. But Dimon and his peers are wrapped in a protective force field which was created by the people, of the people, and for … well, for Dimon and his peers.
The term “antifragile” was coined by maverick financier and analyst Nassim Taleb, whose book of the same name is subtitled “Things That Gain From Disorder.” That’s a good description of JPMorgan Chase and the nation’s other megabanks.

Arbitraging Failure
Dimon’s comment was another way of saying that his bank, and everything it represents, isThe Shock Doctrine made manifest. The nation’s megabanks are arbitraging their own failures, and the economic crises that flow from those failures.
These institutions are designed to prey off economic misery. They suppress genuine market forces in order to thrive, and they couldn’t do it without our ongoing help. The Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve are making it happen.
We who have made these banks “antifragile” have crowned their leaders our Lords of Disorder.
Once Dimon told reporters that he explained to his seven-year-old daughter what a financial crisis is – “something that happens … every five to seven years,” which “we need to do a better job” managing.
Thanks to fat political contributions, Dimon manages them well. So do his peers. Misery is the business model. And by Dimon’s reckoning another shock’s coming any day now.

Money For Nothing
Bloomberg’s use of the word ‘subsidy’ in this instance can be slightly misleading. Public institutions don’t issue $83 billion in checks to Wall Street’s biggest banks every year. But they didn’t let them fail as they should have – through an orderly liquidation – after they created the crisis of 2008 through fraud and chicanery. Instead it allowed them to prosper from it, creating that $83 billion implicit guarantee.
As we detailed in 2011, the TARP program didn’t “make money,” either. Banks received a free and easy trillion-plus dollars from our public institution, on terms that amounted to a gift worth tens of billions, and possibly hundreds of billions.
That gift prevented them from failing. In private enterprise, this kind of rescue is only given in return for part ownership or other financial concessions. But our government asked for nothing of the kind.

Unpaid Debts
Breaking up the big banks would have protected the public from more harm at their hands. That didn’t happen.
Government institutions could have imposed a financial transaction tax, whose revenue could be used to repair the harm the banks caused while at the same time discouraging runaway gambling. They still could.
They could have imposed fees on the largest banks to offset the $83 billion per year advantage we’ve given them. They still could.
But they haven’t. This one-sided giveaway is the equivalent of an $83 billion gift for Wall Street each and every year.

Cut and Paste
$83 billion per year: Our current budget debate is framed in ten-year cycles, which means that’s $830 billion in Sequester Speak. You’d think our deficit-obsessed capital would be trying to collect that very reasonable amount from Wall Street. Instead the White House isproposing $130 billion in Social Security cuts, $400 in Medicare reductions, $200 billion in “non-health mandatory savings,” and $100 billion in non-defense discretionary cuts.
That adds up to exactly $830 billion.
No doubt there is genuine waste that could be cut. But $830 billion, or some portion of it, could be used to grow our economy and brings tens of millions of Americans out of the ongoing recession that is their daily reality, even as the Lords of Disorder continue to prosper. It could be used for educating our young people and helping them find work, for reducing the escalating number of people in poverty, for addressing our crumbling infrastructure, for giving people decent jobs.
It’s going to Wall Street instead.

Trillion-Dollar Tribute
The right word for that is tribute. As in, “a payment by one ruler or nation to another in acknowledgment of submission …” or “an excessive tax, rental, or tariff imposed by a government, sovereign, lord, or landlord … an exorbitant charge levied by a person or group having the power of coercion.” (Courtesy Merriam-Webster)
In this case the tribute is made possible, not by military occupation, but by the hijacking of our political process by the corrupting force of corporate contributions.
The fruits of that victory are rich: Bank profits are at near-record highs. Most of the country is still struggling to dig out from the wreckage they created but, as Demos’ Policy Shop puts it, “for the banks it’s 2006 all over again.”

On Bended Knee
“Millions for defense,” they said in John Adams’ day, “but not one cent for tribute.”
Today we’re paying for both. That doesn’t leave much for the elderly, the disabled, the impoverished, the children, or anybody else who doesn’t “benefit from disorder.” Nobody’s fighting for them in this budget battle.
That leaves the public with a clear choice: Demand solutions that are more just and democratic – or submit willingly to the Lords of Disorder.
Richard Eskow is a writer, a senior fellow with the Campaign for America's Future, and the host of a weekly radio show, "The Breakdown."

Banking scandals - now the buck stops with Andrew Bailey: Huge regulatory shake-up brings new powers to Bank boss

By Simon Watkins, Financial Mail On Sunday
|

Wherever there is banking trouble you will find Andrew Bailey. In 1995, as rogue trader Nick Leeson blew apart Barings, Bailey was part of the team at the Bank of England that dismantled the bankrupt bank.
In 2008 he helped to oversee the huge loans that kept HBOS afloat until its eventual takeover by Lloyds, and he was involved with the bailout of Royal Bank of Scotland.
After almost 30 years in the banking thick of it, Bailey is now taking on his highest profile role yet. On April 1 (no jokes, please) he becomes Deputy Governor of the Bank of England and chief executive of the new Prudential Regulatory Authority (PRA).
On the case: Andrew Bailey will be the watchdog bank bosses fear like never before
On the case: Andrew Bailey will be the watchdog bank bosses fear like never before
In other words he will be the banking industry watchdog under the new regulatory system put in place by George Osborne – and he could be the man the country’s bank bosses will fear like no one before.
For the past two years Bailey has been limbering up as head of the prudential unit at the Financial Services Authority. Last week he made the physical move from the FSA’s offices in Canary Wharf in London’s docklands to the Bank’s headquarters in the Square Mile.
 

Before his stint at the FSA, Bailey had spent 25 years at the Bank of England, where his jobs included being private secretary to the late former Governor Eddie George. For seven years he was chief cashier, which meant his signature went on the nation’s bank notes. So his move back to the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street will be a kind of homecoming.

All change ... how the new rules on
governing the City will be enforced

The Chancellor has delivered a huge overhaul of City regulation after the old system under the all-encompassing Financial Services Authority was deemed to have failed either to prevent or adequately tackle the financial crisis.
The FSA has been criticised as unfocused and overburdened and having lacked an economic overview of the financial system.
The new structure has again divided regulation. The Financial Conduct Authority will police consumer issues and conduct of traders in financial markets.
Inside the Bank of England there will be the Prudential Regulatory Authority, which will keep watch on the ‘safety and soundness’ of the big banks and insurers. The Bank will also have the Financial Policy Committee, which will keep watch on levels and quality of borrowing and lending across the whole financial system.
Andrew Bailey will head the PRA but will also have a seat on the Financial Policy Committee and the board of The Financial Conduct Authority.
But he says it is not a return to the old ways: ‘I think this is the fourth system of financial regulation during my career. So we have another chance to get it right. The crisis has sadly demonstrated that this is a crucial objective and we have to take this opportunity to get it right.
‘Having a crisis creates an appetite for change – and quite fundamental change. We have a chance to do something that, frankly, has not been done properly for a very long time.’
Bailey is in no doubt that the system has let down the public. ‘There has been a real failure on public accountability and transparency for the actions of regulators and I believe this passionately because we can only succeed in a world where we are accountable,’ he says.
‘That is not to say we will satisfy all of the people all of the time. I’m afraid we probably won’t. But it is important people can understand what we have done and why we have done it in ways that I don’t think was the case in the past.’
Bailey is also keen to point out what he cannot do, and chief among these is changing the culture of banking. ‘I can’t sit here and dictate culture and ethics in banks,’ he says. ‘Only the boards and senior management can do that. They have to adopt standards and ethics themselves that fit the frankly very reasonable expectations of society.’
But there is one field where he believes he can influence culture and that is through bankers’ pay. Bailey raises bonuses unprompted and argues that they matter to a regulator for two main reasons. One is that the money comes from the same pot banks could be using for a future crisis and or paid to shareholders.
These issues are important because secure and profitable banks will be safe banks, he believes.
There is also, of course, the issue of bankers being rewarded for failure. Bailey argues that in Britain we have already been doing rather well at changing the rules to hit negligent bankers where it hurts, with bonuses clawed back from executives over the mis-selling of payment protection insurance and the same expected over the Libor-rigging scandal.
Bank of England
‘Over the last couple of years, and particularly the past year with a number of incidents where firms have been fined and had to pay redress, the incidence of clawback has risen quite substantially. Clawback is not idle talk. It really will happen,’ he pledges.
As to why regulators did not act to curb pay in banking before the crisis, Bailey says: ‘It would have attracted huge criticism from some influential people if regulators had stepped in and sought to regulate remuneration in the way they do today.’
Bailey does not say who he means by ‘influential people’, but it is clear that includes politicians of all stripes who in the boom years were cheerleaders for the City. But while bonuses catch the headlines, the PRA’s most pressing task is assessing whether Britain’s banks have enough capital.
Bailey and his team are looking at whether banks are overvaluing assets on their books and underestimating the risks – out of excessive optimism rather than deliberate deception – and whether they have enough capital to cope with the huge bills being racked up for various mis-sellings and other scandals.
One observer said Bailey had been preparing for this job all his life. Bailey dryly comments that would mean he was a ‘very sad person’, but his appetite for tackling big issues is palpable.
And it must be said his eyes really light up when he is asked to recall his days as chief cashier. ‘I loved it,’ he says.
‘It was a wonderful job to get into. Basically you’ve got the criminal classes besetting you because they are either trying to counterfeit or steal bank notes and that battle is fascinating.’
Seeing off the criminal classes eh? Regulating banks should be quite a change. Then again .  .  .


Read more: http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/news/article-2287060/Banking-scandals--buck-stops-Andrew-Bailey-Huge-regulatory-shake-brings-new-powers-Bank-boss.html#ixzz2MT68z1XZ
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Thursday, 28 February 2013

HN: Czechs hand in credit cards in fear of debt


ČTK |
28 February 2013
 
Prague, Feb 27 (CTK) - Many people returned their credit cards to banks in the Czech Republic in fear of getting indebted during the present economic recession, daily Hospodarske noviny (HN) writes yesterday.

It seems that Czechs are reasonable enough not to go shopping with credit cards anymore, the paper says.

The Ceska sporitelna (CS) bank currently has roughly 350,000 credit cards, compared to more than 550,000 in 2008. Last year the number of CS's credit cards fell by 42,000.
Komercni banka (KB) registered 209,000 credit cards at the end of 2012, or 3 percent less than one year before.

At the end of 2012, 2.3 million credit cards and 7.6 million debit cards were registered in the 10.5-million country.

Other Czech banks also confirm that clients are not interested in credit cards and their attitude to this product is unlikely to change in near future.

"We can see that clients are more careful with debts. The situation won't change this year," CSOB bank spokeswoman Pavla Havova told HN.

"At a time of unstable economy, the client's willingness to spend money on consumption seems to decrease. On the contrary, people tend to save money," KB spokeswoman Monika Klucova said.

Banks consider a credit card a loan even if a person does not use the card at all and they take the card into account when assessing people's applications for new loans.

Moreover, many people started to use credit cards more often than they planned.

"I gradually fell into the credit trap, too," a 35-year-old manager said.

"Now I have a single credit card, in case of an emergency. I know that most of my acquaintances did the same," she added.

Czech Bank Card Association chief executive Roman Kotlan said the current trend is to pay back the debts on credit cards, usually by taking a single loan.

A lot of people found out that it is hard to pay the debt they had on a credit card, the paper writes.

"In the boom before the crisis many people drew all the money from their new credit card at once. But their next monthly salary was not enough to pay the debt and it took them a long time to get rid of it and they had to pay high interests," said Ondrej Hak, from Equa bank.

Hak said eight of ten clients address Equa bank with the wish to take out a single loan that would cover their debts on three or four credit cards, for which they had to pay higher interests.

HN writes that the Czech credit card boom ended and people's interest in them has dropped even though some banks offer them in retail chains and even though a new bank, Zuno, entered the credit card market last year.

According to the Czech central bank, the debt on all Czechs credit cards is about 25 billion crowns.

Despite people's aversion to credit cards, some companies expanded their business last year. The sum total loaned by Home Credit, owned by the PPF group, via credit cards in 2012 was 23 percent higher than in 2011, HN writes.

It says companies do not plan to give up this business in the Czech Republic because the profits are high. Clients who pay the debt belatedly have to cover an average interest of 24 percent, which is nearly 10 percentage points more than the average interest of a consumer loan, the paper notes.

($1=19.554 crowns)
Copyright 2011 by the Czech News Agency (ČTK). All rights reserved.

Wednesday, 27 February 2013

God’s Racket: Why It’s High Time to Shut Down the Vatican Bank

Think of it as HSBC with God’s imprimatur.
Photo Credit: Shutterstock.com
 
It’s a place where angels fear to tread; where criminals, frauds and mysterious corpses turn up as regularly as rats in the metro. The Institute for Works of Religion, commonly known as the Vatican bank, was set up in 1942 by Pope Pius XII to manage the vast Vatican finances. Often referred to as the world’s most secret bank, the operation is run by a CEO and overseen by five cardinals who report directly to the Pope.

The bank’s official role is to safeguard and administer property intended for works of religion or charity. The actual activities of the bank are somewhat different. They include money laundering for narcotics traffickers, bribery, skimming charitable funds to enrich priests, and tax evasion for wealthy Italians.

Finance, Vatican-Style
The scandals associated with the Vatican bank, particularly over the last four decades, are so sordid and improbable as to strain the creativity of a supermarket tabloid. The Church’s past offenses of selling indulgences and charging fees for sacraments have been updated for the world of modern finance, complete with shell companies, speculation and secret transfers. (For more on the antecedents of the current bank, see Betty Clermont’s handy synopsis at Daily Kos.) Last year, Italian journalist Gianluigi Nuzzi published a book delving into the intrigue and corruption swirling in a bank that has been answerable to no one. It was an eye-opener.

In May 2012, Pope Benedict XVI’s butler was arrested for leaking documents bristling with claims of financial corruption and criminal activity involving major Italian companies. The last Vatican bank chairman, Ettore Gotti Tedeschi, was shown the door when it was revealed that the bank was running afoul of international money-laundering standards. Leaked material and reporting reveals a bank that appears to be a kind of rogue offshore vehicle favored by various kinds of miscreants, including right-wing politicians, mafia types and tax evaders who wish to hide their financial transactions. Kind of like HSBC, only with God’s imprimatur.

Subsequent investigations have resulted in a shutdown of credit card transactions at all Vatican venues; right now, God can only take cash. In an attempt to restore relations with the international financial community, outgoing Pope Benedict appointed a new director of the bank, German lawyer Ernst von Freyberg, as one of his final acts. So far that’s not looking so good, as Freyberg has been revealed to have unfortunate links with a company with a history of making warships, including those produced for Nazi Germany.

Skeletons In the Vault
The same month the butler story broke, sinister echoes of earlier scandals emerged when the Catholic Church’s top exorcist (yes, you got that right) claimed that a pile of bones buried in the tomb of a notorious gangster – and church doner -- belonged to a missing schoolgirl who was forced to perform for priests' sex parties. The gangster’s girlfriend at the time claimed that American monsignor Paul Marcinkus, the scandal-ridden chief of the Vatican bank from 1971 to 1989, was behind the abduction. Whether or not that’s true, the years of Marcinkus’ reign were certainly unusual.
 
In the 1980s, the Vatican bank was involved in a major political and financial ruckus involving the $4.7 billion collapse of Banco Ambrosiano. Marcinkus was under consideration for indictment in 1982 in Italy as an accessory to the bankruptcy, but he escaped earthly justice when the Italian courts ruled that his status as a priest and high-ranking prelate of the Vatican gave him diplomatic immunity from prosecution.

One Roberto Calvi, known as “God’s banker” because of his close association with the Holy See, was the chairman of Banco Ambrosiano. He also did business with the Mafia, and was found in June 1982 swinging from Blackfriars Bridge in London the day after his dismissal from the bank. The death was ruled a murder, and is widely suspected to have been a mob hit.

Some years earlier, in 1968, we meet the shady figure of Michele “The Shark” Sindona, who became a Vatican financial adviser despite the small matter of his past job as manager of heroin operations for the Gambino crime family. A world-class hustler who specialized in money-laundering, he was a member of the notorious P2 Lodge, a bogus ''Masonic'' lodge considered to have operated something like a right-wing shadow government. Like other Italian bankers associated with the Vatican, Sindona trumpeted his sleazy activities as the defense of free enterprise against leftist political forces.

Sindona ended up in prison for bank fraud and ordering the murder of a lawyer appointed to liquidate his Italian banks. He later died there after drinking a cyanide-laced coffee. Some say his poisoning was an attempt to keep him from talking about the sudden death of 65-year-old Pope John Paul I just 33 days after taking office.

The reform-minded Pope had been speaking out against the profiteering of the Vatican Bank, and theologian Abbé George de Nantes, among others, has made a case for murder. (If you saw The Godfather Part III, you may recall a storyline involving the Vatican bank, organized crime and the sudden death of a fictional pope.)

Too Corrupt to Exist
Right now there’s a power struggle going on in the Vatican concerning how the bank should operate, whether to modernize and become more transparent, or to keep on operating under the radar and doing all the shady business it can get away with.

If anyone thinks that the Vatican bank could be cleaned up, I would suggest thinking of the mythic Augean stables. Essentially, a racketeering entity has been operating as a non-profit dedicated to doing God’s work. Jesus was famed for throwing the money-lenders out of the temple. In the Vatican, they run the temple.

The Vatican needs cash, and as its influence in the West declines in favor of poorer areas of the globe, there is no telling what else it will do to get it. The bank has had multiple opportunities to clean up its act after noxious scandals, and has repeatedly failed to do so.
Andreas Wassermann and Peter Wensierski of Der Spiegel described the corruption at the heart of the bank:
“Its business model depends on keeping things as shrouded as possible from all financial authorities. Capital gains are untaxed, financial statements are not disclosed and anonymity is guaranteed. The bank's exotic status of belonging to a religious monarchy in a sovereign state the size of a city park has shielded it from investigations and unpleasant external monitoring.”
Here’s an idea: Shut it down. Why shouldn’t priests use regular banks just like everybody else? Why should a bank housed in a medieval defense tower gobble donations and launder illicit funds, giving haven to cheats, criminals and wealthy parasites? The Vatican bank is too corrupt to exist.

Lynn Parramore is an AlterNet senior editor. She is cofounder of Recessionwire, founding editor of New Deal 2.0, and author of 'Reading the Sphinx: Ancient Egypt in Nineteenth-Century Literary Culture.' She received her Ph.d in English and Cultural Theory from NYU, where she has taught essay writing and semiotics. She is the Director of AlterNet's New Economic Dialogue Project. Follow her on Twitter @LynnParramore.

Revealed – The Ugly Math Behind Credit Card Debt

Stressed, tired, overworked businessman doing paperwork, worrying about his debtsCompound interest can be an incredible power in terms of helping you create wealth over time. However, it has a downside when it comes to debt – especially credit card debt.

It’s only a vacation to Hawaii
If you want to see the ugly math behind your credit card debt, here’s an example. Let’s suppose you have an average balance of $5,000 and are paying an annual interest rate of 22% and that this compounds monthly for the next 10 years. If you’re employed, a balance of $5,000 is really not a really big deal. It’s the equivalent of a trip to Disneyland or a week’s vacation in Hawaii. So, you think, “Gee, how bad could that be?”.

It’s bad
Here’s the shocking answer. When you includ the monthly compounding, this will cost you $44,235 or about nine times what it would seem to cost. In other words, compound interest has changed that moderate credit card balance into a very expensive investment.
Here’s another example of the ugly math behind credit cards. If yours is an average household, you carry an average balance of $15,956 in credit card debt. And you’re probably paying an average current rate of 12.83%. If you were to carry this average balance for as long as 40 years, you would end up paying $2,629,618.

You may not have learned this in school
When you were in middle school, your math teacher may not have demonstrated the ugly math behind debt. But you can bet the credit card companies understand it. In fact, this ugly math is their entire business model.
These two examples of the math behind credit cards are a bit exaggerated. However, this should serve as a wake up call as to why it’s best to dump that credit card debt.

How to get out from under that load
If you’re carrying a big load of credit card debt, you might want to sit down and figure out how much it’s really costing you and the total amount of money you would pay to get out of debt in three or four years. Our guess is that that number would shock you. This is especially true if you have multiple credit cards with an average interest rate of 20% or higher.

”Snowball” those debts
One way to handle that ugly math is by “snowballing” your credit card debts. First, make a list of all your credit cards with their balances and interest rates. Next, order them based on their balances from highest to lowest. Double or even triple your payments to the card that has the highest balance. Once you’ve paid it off, you will have money you can now use to pay off the credit card that has the next highest balance. This has a “snowball” effect because the faster you pay off those cards with the highest balances, the faster you will get out of debt.

Transfer your balances
A second way to defeat that ugly credit card math is to transfer the balances on those high interest credit cards to one with a lower rate. If your credit cards have an average interest rate of 20%, you might be able to transfer all of them to a new card with an interest rate of 12% or less. There are now a number of low interest, no-frills, credit cards available and you might qualify for one of them.

Nearly Half of Americans Have More Credit Card Debt Than Savings

Feb 25, 2013 3:42pm
 
Only 55 percent of Americans have more in emergency savings than they have in credit card debt, according to a survey by Bankrate.com.

This is the third time Bankrate.com has asked survey participants which they hold in higher quantity: credit card debt or emergency savings.

This year’s figure has shifted little from the previous two years. In 2012, 54 percent of Americans said they had more in emergency savings than credit card debt. In 2011, it was 52 percent when Bankrate.com questioned 1,004 participants in a telephone survey.

Greg McBride, Bankrate.com’s senior financial analyst, said Americans aren’t saving nearly enough as they should. Although the economy has slowly recovered since the last recession, “the needle has not moved in the past 24 months,” McBride said.

The personal savings rate, or savings as a percentage of disposable personal
income, was in a steady decline for about two decades prior to the most recent recession. Though the savings rate is higher now than compared to the recession, it still has not budged from the 20-year downtrend.


On Jan. 31, the Commerce Department reported that the personal saving rate rose to 6.5 percent in December, from 4.1 percent in November.

“People have paid down debt and the household savings rate is higher now than prior to the recession. Despite that, [the survey] illustrates that with stagnant incomes it’s tough for people to make progress toward financial security,” McBride said.

Even among the highest income level surveyed, at $75,000 or more a year, only two out of three had more emergency savings than credit card debt. Just 41 percent of those making less than $30,000 report similarly.

The survey found 60 percent of men and 49 percent of women said they have more in savings than in credit card debt. Also, 29 percent of parents with kids younger than 18 years old have more credit card debt than savings. Of people without young children, 21 percent said the same.

Planners often recommend that you keep three month’s pay on hand as an emergency fund.

Tuesday, 26 February 2013

U.S. banks scrutinized in Libor scandal probe
8:36 AM, Feb 25, 2013 | 0 comments

Citigroup
 
 

Financial trader Tom Hayes needed help with the Japanese yen as he worked in his Tokyo office on March 3, 2010.
Hayes, who was a Citigroup employee then, messaged a friend at a brokerage firm and explained that his trading would benefit from a low Libor rate for Japanese yen - a reference to one of 10 currency-based rates British banks set daily based on their estimated cost of borrowing from each other.

Would the broker ask a contact at Royal Bank of Scotland to submit an artificially low Libor estimate for yen the next day, thus helping keep the rate down?

"Any favours you can get ... would be much appreciated," the British-born Hayes messaged, according to transcript excerpts in a recently filed U.S. federal court record.

"I'll give him a nudge later, see what he can do," the unidentified brokerage trader responded.

"Thanks mate ... really really would appreciate that," messaged Hayes.

Royal Bank of Scotland's yen submission edged lower the next day. The brokerage trader messaged "good work!!!!" to the Royal Bank of Scotland bank contact, the transcript shows.

The exchange is one of the first documenting the involvement of a trader at a U.S. bank in a widening scandal that so far has produced admissions of improper collusion from Royal Bank of Scotland, London-based Barclays and Swiss giant UBS. Collectively, the three have been fined more than $2.5 billion.

Authorities in the U.S., United Kingdom, Canada and elsewhere are investigating the suspected manipulation because trillions of dollars in mortgages, loans and other financial instruments are pegged to Libor rates.
A U.S. federal court complaint filed in December accused Hayes of conspiracy, wire fraud and other charges related to his trades between September 2006 and September 2009 while he worked for Royal Bank of Scotland or UBS before joining Citigroup.
Hayes, who was arrested in England in December but remains free there pending further investigation, could not be reached. The Wall Street Journal reported earlier this month that Hayes texted "this goes much much higher than me." A friend named Jennifer Arcuri said Hayes was cooperating with U.K. authorities, the paper reported.
Citigroup spokeswoman Danielle Romero-Apsilos confirmed that Hayes worked for the global bank from December 2009 to September 2010, when he was fired over an incident that was reported to financial regulators.
She declined to comment on that incident or Hayes' exchanges in the March 2010 transcript, which was part of the court complaint against the trader and the deferred prosecution deal U.S. prosecutors reached with Royal Bank of Scotland earlier this month.
However, several U.S. banks are under examination by regulators and prosecutors in the interest-rate-fixing scandal. Citigroup filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission disclosed that it is cooperating with requests for information and documents from the bank's subsidiaries.
Citigroup also disclosed that its Global Markets group in Japan was suspended from yen trading between Jan. 10 and Jan. 23, 2012, because of communications between two traders involving Libor rates and a similar Tokyo rate.
The suspension action, imposed by Japan's Financial Services Agency, said the Citigroup traders' actions had been "seriously unjust and malicious, and could undermine the fairness of the markets."
JPMorgan Chase reported in an August 2012 SEC filing that it had received Libor-related subpoenas and requests for documents and/or interviews from the Department of Justice and financial regulators in the U.S., United Kingdom, Canada, Switzerland and elsewhere.
Bank of America similarly reported in August that it had received Libor-related subpoenas or information requests from the Department of Justice and financial regulators in the U.S. and United Kingdom.
Both banks said they were cooperating with the inquiries.
U.S. and global banks have also been barraged by putative class-action lawsuits over suspected Libor rigging. More than 40 cases, filed by cities, labor unions, financial funds and individuals, have been consolidated in a federal multidistrict litigation matter in Manhattan federal court.
At its simplest, Libor is an acronym for London Interbank Offered Rate. It is an internationally used standard set each morning based on what global banks operating in London say they would expect to pay for short-term loans from each other in various monetary currencies.
"It's embedded in the wiring of our financial system," Gary Gensler, chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, told a Feb. 14 hearing by the Senate banking committee.
Mortgages, car loans, student loans, credit card rates and commercial loans are often pegged to Libor. So are complex financial derivatives contracts.
The Bank for International Settlements estimated that outstanding interest rate contracts linked to Libor were valued at about $450 trillion in the second half of 2009. Nearly all 2008 subprime adjustable rate mortgages in the U.S. were similarly pegged to Libor, according to a Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland report.
For instance, someone taking a mortgage on a new home would be required to pay interest costs a certain percentage above Libor.
The Libor-setting process has been criticized because it is based on estimates submitted by small groups of bankers, rather than on a known and transparent financial standard. Federal court records show how and why the rate can be improperly manipulated.
Royal Bank of Scotland, for instance, acknowledged in the deferred prosecution agreement that from 2006 to 2010 some of its traders "requested and obtained Libor submissions that benefited their trading positions" rather than the accurate rate.
That type of strategy allegedly enabled Hayes to increase trading profits for him and the banks where he worked. He made trading bets on derivatives tied to the yen Libor, and allegedly was able to generate profits from minuscule rate changes.
While working at UBS in 2008, Hayes allegedly pressed a junior employee who submitted the bank's daily yen Libor estimate to submit a falsely high rate. The employee complied, resulting in $793,000 in extra profit for Hayes and the bank on one trading day, according to the court complaint against the former trader.
"mate yur getting bloody good at this libor game ... think of me when yur on yur yacht in monaco won't you," a broker messaged Hayes in a June 2009 electronic chat, according to the complaint filed against Hayes and the UBS court settlement filed in December.
Hayes generated about $40 million in profits for the bank in 2007, $80 million in 2008 and $116 million during the first nine months of 2009, the settlement shows.
Some banks may have had at least one other rationale for the alleged manipulation. Beginning around 2007, UBS told employees who submitted the bank's daily Libor estimates to "err on the low side" because high rates could create the impression the Swiss giant "had a credit problem," a federal court complaint charged.
Of course, if traders and banks profited from illegal Libor-rigging conspiracies, some counterparties paying mortgages and other loans may have lost by being forced to pay artificially high rates pegged to the benchmark.
A 2011 lawsuit filed by Baltimore officials alleged that the city had purchased tens of millions of dollars in complex derivative contracts known as interest rate swaps from eight major banks. The city "was injured" financially because those contracts were tied to Libor rates tainted by suspected rigging, the lawsuit alleged.
Similarly, Mobile, Ala., homeowner Annie Bell Adams and other nearby residents alleged in a 2012 federal lawsuit that they were financial victims of suspected Libor collusion by numerous major banks.
"It was not only foreseeable but obvious that by manipulating the (U.S. dollar) Libor rate ... the defendants were able to maximize the value of their holdings and thereby unjustly enrich themselves to the detriment of the plaintiffs," the putative class-action lawsuit charged.
In his Senate testimony, Gensler said the manipulation confirmed to date by the ongoing investigations underlines the need for a stronger, transparent benchmark.
"When a reference rate such as Libor - central to borrowing, lending and hedging in our economy - has been so readily and pervasively rigged, it's critical that we discuss how to best change the system," said Gensler. "We must ensure that reference rates are honest and reliable reflections of observable transactions in real markets."
By Kevin McCoy
USA Today